Inye isi iyi ọkụ eletrik na-adịgide adịgide bụ otu n'ime ihe ịma aka kachasị mkpa nke narị afọ a. Ebe nyocha na ihe ndị e ji anakọta ike sitere na mkpali a, gụnyere thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 na thermophotovoltaics3. Ọ bụ ezie na anyị enweghị ihe na ngwaọrụ nwere ike inweta ike na oke Joule, ihe ndị nwere pyroelectric nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ike eletriki ka ọ bụrụ mgbanwe okpomọkụ oge niile bụ ihe mmetụta4 na ndị na-anakọta ike5,6,7. N'ebe a, anyị emepụtala ihe na-anakọta ike okpomọkụ macroscopic n'ụdị ihe na-echekwa ike oyi akwa nke ejiri gram 42 nke lead scandium tantalate mee, na-emepụta 11.2 J nke ike eletriki kwa okirikiri thermodynamic. Modulu pyroelectric ọ bụla nwere ike ịmepụta njupụta ike eletriki ruo 4.43 J cm-3 kwa okirikiri. Anyị na-egosikwa na modulu abụọ dị otú ahụ nke dị 0.3 g zuru oke iji na-enye ndị na-anakọta ike onwe ha ike mgbe niile na microcontrollers agbakwunyere na sensọ okpomọkụ. N'ikpeazụ, anyị na-egosi na maka oke okpomọkụ nke 10 K, ndị na-echekwa ọtụtụ oyi akwa a nwere ike iru 40% arụmọrụ Carnot. Ihe ndị a bụ n'ihi (1) mgbanwe nke usoro ferroelectric maka arụmọrụ dị elu, (2) obere mmiri ozuzo iji gbochie mfu, na (3) nnukwu voltaji mmebi. Ndị a na-ewe ihe ubi pyroelectric macroscopic, nke a na-agbanwe agbanwe ma dịkwa irè na-emegharị mmepụta ike thermoelectric.
Ma e jiri ya tụnyere nhazi okpomọkụ oghere dị mkpa maka ihe thermoelectric, inweta ike nke ihe thermoelectric chọrọ ịgbagharị okpomọkụ ka oge na-aga. Nke a pụtara okirikiri thermodynamic, nke eserese entropy (S)-okpomọkụ (T) kọwara nke ọma. Foto 1a na-egosi eserese ST nkịtị nke ihe pyroelectric (NLP) na-abụghị nke linear nke na-egosi mgbanwe usoro ferroelectric-paraelectric nke ubi na tantalate lead scandium (PST). Akụkụ acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke okirikiri na eserese ST kwekọrọ na ike eletriki agbanwere na okirikiri Olson (ngalaba isothermal abụọ na ngalaba isopole abụọ). N'ebe a, anyị na-atụle okirikiri abụọ nwere otu mgbanwe ubi eletriki (ebe a na-agbanye na ebe a na-apụ) na mgbanwe okpomọkụ ΔT, n'agbanyeghị na okpomọkụ mbụ dị iche iche. Okirikiri akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ adịghị na mpaghara mgbanwe nkebi ma si otú a nwee obere mpaghara karịa okirikiri anụnụ anụnụ dị na mpaghara mgbanwe nkebi. Na eserese ST, ka mpaghara ahụ buru ibu, ka ike anakọtara ka ukwuu. Ya mere, mgbanwe nkebi ga-anakọta ike karịa. Mkpa ọ dị maka ịgba ígwè gburugburu ebe dị ukwuu na NLP yiri nke ahụ na mkpa ọ dị maka ngwa electrothermal9, 10, 11, 12 ebe PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) na terpolymers dabere na PVDF egosila arụmọrụ dị mma n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. ọnọdụ arụmọrụ jụrụ oyi na okirikiri 13, 14, 15, 16. Ya mere, anyị achọpụtala PST MLCs nwere mmasị maka owuwe ihe ubi ike okpomọkụ. Akọwapụtala ihe atụ ndị a nke ọma na usoro ndị a ma kọwaa ha na ihe mgbakwunye 1 (nyocha electron microscopy), 2 (X-ray diffraction) na 3 (calorimetry).
a, Ihe osise nke ihe osise entropy (S)-okpomọkụ (T) nke nwere ọkụ eletrik na-agba ma na-apụ n'ihe eji eme ihe NLP na-egosi mgbanwe nke usoro. A na-egosi usoro nchịkọta ike abụọ na mpaghara okpomọkụ abụọ dị iche iche. Usoro acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-eme n'ime na n'èzí mgbanwe nke usoro, n'otu n'otu, ma na-akwụsị na mpaghara dị iche iche nke elu. b, mgbanaka DE PST MLC abụọ dị otu, ọkpụrụkpụ 1 mm, nke a tụrụ n'etiti 0 na 155 kV cm-1 na 20 °C na 90 °C, n'otu n'otu, yana usoro Olsen kwekọrọ. Mkpịsị akwụkwọ ABCD na-ezo aka na ọnọdụ dị iche iche na okirikiri Olson. AB: E tinyere MLC na 155 kV cm-1 na 20 °C. BC: E debere MLC na 155 kV cm-1 ma bulie okpomọkụ ruo 90 °C. CD: MLC na-agbapụ na 90 °C. DA: E tinyere MLC oyi ruo 20 °C na mpaghara efu. Mpaghara acha anụnụ anụnụ kwekọrọ na ike ntinye achọrọ iji malite okirikiri ahụ. Mpaghara oroma bụ ike anakọtara n'otu okirikiri. c, panel elu, voltaji (ojii) na ugbu a (uhie) ma e jiri ya tụnyere oge, nke a na-esochi n'otu okirikiri Olson dịka b. Ihe ntinye abụọ ahụ na-anọchite anya mmụba nke voltaji na ugbu a na isi ihe dị na okirikiri ahụ. Na panel dị ala, okirikiri odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-anọchite anya okpomọkụ na ọkpụrụkpụ ike kwekọrọ, n'otu n'otu, maka MLC dị arọ 1 mm. A na-agbakọ ike site na okirikiri ugbu a na voltaji dị na panel dị n'elu. Ike na-adịghị mma kwekọrọ na ike anakọtara. Nzọụkwụ ndị kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede ukwu dị na ọnụọgụ anọ ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ dị na okirikiri Olson. Okirikiri AB'CD kwekọrọ na okirikiri Stirling (ihe mgbakwunye 7).
ebe E na D bụ ubi eletriki na ubi mgbanwe eletrik, n'otu n'otu. Enwere ike nweta Nd n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè site na sekit DE (Foto 1b) ma ọ bụ ozugbo site na ịmalite usoro thermodynamic. Olsen kọwara ụzọ kachasị baa uru n'ọrụ mbụ ya na ịchịkọta ike pyroelectric na 1980s17.
Na fig. 1b na-egosi loops DE monopolar abụọ nke ihe atụ PST-MLC dị 1 mm nke a chịkọtara na 20 °C na 90 °C, n'otu n'otu, n'elu oke 0 ruo 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Enwere ike iji okirikiri abụọ a gbakọọ ike nke okirikiri Olson egosiri na Foto 1a. N'ezie, okirikiri Olsen nwere alaka isofield abụọ (ebe a, ubi efu na alaka DA na 155 kV cm-1 na alaka BC) na alaka isothermal abụọ (ebe a, 20°C na 20°C na alaka AB). C na alaka CD) Ike anakọtara n'oge okirikiri ahụ kwekọrọ na mpaghara oroma na acha anụnụ anụnụ (njikọ EdD). Ike anakọtara Nd bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ike ntinye na mmepụta, ya bụ naanị mpaghara oroma na fig. 1b. Okirikiri Olson a kpọmkwem na-enye njupụta ike Nd nke 1.78 J cm-3. Okirikiri Stirling bụ ihe ọzọ na okirikiri Olson (Ndetu mgbakwunye 7). Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị mfe iru ọkwa chajị na-adịgide adịgide (sekit mepere emepe), njupụta ike ewepụtara na Fig. 1b (sekit AB'CD) ruru 1.25 J cm-3. Nke a bụ naanị 70% nke ihe Olson cycle nwere ike ịchịkọta, mana ngwa owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe na-eme ya.
Tinyere nke a, anyị tụrụ ike anakọtara n'oge okirikiri Olson ozugbo site n'itinye ike PST MLC site na iji usoro njikwa okpomọkụ Linkam na mita isi mmalite (usoro). Foto 1c n'elu na n'ime ihe ndị dị na ya na-egosi ugbu a (uhie) na voltaji (ojii) anakọtara na otu PST MLC dị 1 mm dị arọ dịka maka okirikiri DE na-agafe otu okirikiri Olson ahụ. Ugbu a na voltaji na-eme ka o kwe omume ịgbakọ ike anakọtara, a na-egosikwa usoro ndị ahụ na fig. 1c, ala (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) na okpomọkụ (odo) n'oge okirikiri ahụ dum. Mkpịsị akwụkwọ ABCD na-anọchite anya otu okirikiri Olson ahụ na Fig. 1. Nchaji MLC na-eme n'oge ụkwụ AB ma na-eme ya na obere ọkụ (200 µA), yabụ SourceMeter nwere ike ijikwa chajị nke ọma. Ihe si na ugbu a mbụ a pụta bụ na usoro voltaji (usoro ojii) abụghị ahịrị n'ihi mpaghara mbugharị na-abụghị ahịrị D PST (Fig. 1c, ntinye elu). Na njedebe nke chajị, a na-echekwa 30 mJ nke ike eletriki na MLC (isi B). MLC ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ wee mepụta ọkụ eletrik na-adịghị mma (ya mere ọkụ eletrik na-adịghị mma) ebe voltaji ahụ na-anọgide na 600 V. Mgbe sekọnd 40 gachara, mgbe okpomọkụ ruru ọkwa dị elu nke 90 °C, a na-akwụghachi ọkụ eletrik a, ọ bụ ezie na ihe nlele nzọụkwụ nke e mepụtara na sekit ahụ bụ ike eletrik nke 35 mJ n'oge isofield a (nke abụọ dị na Fig. 1c, n'elu). A na-ebelata voltaji dị na MLC (CD alaka) ahụ, na-ebute ọrụ eletriki 60 mJ ọzọ. Ike mmepụta zuru oke bụ 95 mJ. Ike anakọtara bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ike ntinye na mmepụta, nke na-enye 95 – 30 = 65 mJ. Nke a kwekọrọ na njupụta ike nke 1.84 J cm-3, nke dị nnọọ nso na Nd ewepụtara na mgbanaka DE. A nwaleela ike mmepụta nke okirikiri Olson a nke ọma (Ihe mgbakwunye 4). Site n'ịbawanye voltaji na okpomọkụ, anyị nwetara 4.43 J cm-3 site na iji okirikiri Olsen na PST MLC dị 0.5 mm n'ogo okpomọkụ nke 750 V (195 kV cm-1) na 175 °C (Ndetu mgbakwunye 5). Nke a karịrị arụmọrụ kacha mma akọpụtara n'akwụkwọ maka okirikiri Olson kpọmkwem ma enwetara ya na fim dị gịrịgịrị nke Pb(Mg,Nb)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3)18 (cm. Tebụl mgbakwunye 1 maka uru ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ). Arụmọrụ a erutela n'ihi obere mmiri na-agbapụta nke MLC ndị a (<10−7 A na 750 V na 180 °C, lee nkọwa na Mgbakwunye Ihe Ndetu 6) - isi ihe dị mkpa nke Smith et al.19 kwuru - n'adịghị ka ihe ejiri mee ihe na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga17,20. Arụmọrụ a erutela n'ihi obere mmiri na-agbapụta nke MLC ndị a (<10−7 A na 750 V na 180 °C, lee nkọwa na Mgbakwunye Ihe Ndetu 6) - isi ihe dị mkpa nke Smith et al.19 kwuru - n'adịghị ka ihe ejiri mee ihe na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga17,20. Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma (<10-7 А при 750 В и 180 А при 750 В и 180). в дополнительном примечании 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. E nwetara njirimara ndị a n'ihi obere mmiri na-agbapụta nke MLC ndị a (<10–7 A na 750 V na 180 °C, lee Ihe Ndetu Mgbakwunye 6 maka nkọwa zuru ezu) - isi ihe dị mkpa nke Smith et al. 19 kwuru - n'adịghị ka ihe ejiri mee ihe na ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga17,20.由于这些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 中的？等人19 提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材中使用的材：1。由于 些 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A ， 参见信息）））） — 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утечки этих MLC nke nnyzky (<10–7 А 750 В и 180 °C, см. POSITION) ключевой момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — dlya sravnenyya, bыly dostygnutы эty harakteristyki. Ebe ọ bụ na mmiri na-agbapụta nke MLC ndị a dị obere nke ukwuu (<10–7 A na 750 V na 180 °C, lee Ihe Ndetu Mgbakwunye 6 maka nkọwa zuru ezu) - isi ihe Smith na ndị otu ya kwuru - maka ntụnyere, e mezuru arụmọrụ ndị a.gaa na ihe e ji mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe ndị gara aga nke 17,20.
Ọnọdụ ndị ahụ (600 V, 20–90 °C) etinyere na okirikiri Stirling (Ndetu mgbakwunye 7). Dịka a tụrụ anya ya site na nsonaazụ nke okirikiri DE, mkpụrụ ahụ bụ 41.0 mJ. Otu n'ime ihe ndị kacha pụta ìhè na okirikiri Stirling bụ ikike ha ime ka voltaji mbụ dịkwuo elu site na mmetụta thermoelectric. Anyị hụrụ mmụba voltaji nke ruru 39 (site na voltaji mbụ nke 15 V ruo voltaji njedebe nke ruru 590 V, lee Fig. Mgbakwunye 7.2).
Ihe ọzọ dị iche na MLC ndị a bụ na ha bụ ihe ndị buru ibu nke ukwuu iji chịkọta ike na oke joule. Ya mere, anyị wuru ihe nnwale prototype harvester (HARV1) site na iji 28 MLC PST 1 mm dị ọkpụrụkpụ, na-agbaso otu nhazi efere yiri nke Torello et al.14 kọwara, na matrix 7 × 4 dịka egosiri na Fig. Mmiri dielectric na-ebu okpomọkụ na manifold na-agbagharị site na mgbapụta peristaltic n'etiti ebe nchekwa abụọ ebe a na-eme ka okpomọkụ mmiri ahụ dịgide (usoro). Chịkọta ruo 3.1 J site na iji okirikiri Olson akọwara na fig. 2a, mpaghara isothermal na 10°C na 125°C na mpaghara isofield na 0 na 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Nke a kwekọrọ na njupụta ike nke 3.14 J cm-3. Site na iji ngwakọta a, e mere nha n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche (Fig. 2b). Mara na enwetara 1.8 J n'elu oke okpomọkụ nke 80 °C na voltaji nke 600 V (155 kV cm-1). Nke a kwekọrọ na 65 mJ nke ekwuru na mbụ maka PST MLC dị 1 mm n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ ahụ (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Nhazi nnwale nke ihe nlereanya HARV1 a chịkọtara dabere na 28 MLC PSTs 1 mm dị ọkpụrụkpụ (ahịrị 4 × kọlụm 7) ​​na-agba ọsọ na okirikiri Olson. Maka usoro okirikiri anọ ọ bụla, a na-enye okpomọkụ na voltaji na ihe nlereanya ahụ. Kọmputa ahụ na-anya ọkpọkọ peristaltic nke na-ekesa mmiri dielectric n'etiti ebe nchekwa oyi na ọkụ, valvụ abụọ, na isi iyi ike. Kọmputa ahụ na-ejikwa thermocouples iji chịkọta data na voltaji na ugbu a enyere na ihe nlereanya ahụ na okpomọkụ nke ngwakọta site na ọkọnọ ike. b, Ike (agba) nke ihe nlereanya 4×7 MLC anyị na-anakọta megide oke okpomọkụ (axis X) na voltaji (axis Y) na nnwale dị iche iche.
Ụdị buru ibu nke ihe eji emechi ihe (HARV2) nke nwere 60 PST MLC nke dị 1 mm n'obosara na 160 PST MLC nke dị 0.5 mm n'obosara (41.7 g ihe eji arụ ọrụ pyroelectric) nyere 11.2 J (Ndetu mgbakwunye 8). Na 1984, Olsen mere ihe eji emechi ihe ike nke dabere na 317 g nke ihe mejupụtara Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 nke nwere ike ịmepụta 6.23 J nke ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ nke ihe dị ka 150 °C (ntụaka 21). Maka ngwakọta a, nke a bụ naanị uru ọzọ dị na oke joule. O nwetara ihe karịrị ọkara uru anyị nwetara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugboro asaa n'ịdị mma. Nke a pụtara na njupụta ike nke HARV2 dị okpukpu iri na atọ karịa.
Oge okirikiri HARV1 bụ sekọnd 57. Nke a mepụtara ike 54 mW yana ahịrị anọ nke kọlụm 7 nke setịpụ MLC dị 1 mm. Iji mee ka ọ gaa n'ihu, anyị wuru ngwakọta nke atọ (HARV3) na PST MLC dị 0.5mm na ntọala yiri ya na HARV1 na HARV2 (Ndetu mgbakwunye 9). Anyị tụrụ oge okpomọkụ nke sekọnd 12.5. Nke a kwekọrọ na oge okirikiri nke s25 (Foto mgbakwunye 9). Ike anakọtara (47 mJ) na-enye ike eletriki nke 1.95 mW kwa MLC, nke na-enye anyị ohere iche na HARV2 na-emepụta 0.55 W (ihe dị ka 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC dị 0.5 mm). Na mgbakwunye, anyị mere ka nnyefe okpomọkụ dị ka ihe nlereanya site na iji Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Ndetu mgbakwunye 10 na Tebụl Mgbakwunye 2–4) nke dabara na nnwale HARV1. Nhazi ihe ndị nwere njedebe mere ka o kwe omume ịkọ amụma uru ike ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ usoro nke ịdị elu karịa (430 mW) maka otu ọnụọgụgụ nke kọlụm PST site na ịbelata MLC ruo 0.2 mm, jiri mmiri dị ka ihe na-eme ka mmiri dị jụụ, na iweghachi matrix ahụ na ahịrị 7. × kọlụm 4 (na mgbakwunye na , enwere 960 mW mgbe tank ahụ dị n'akụkụ ngwakọta, Foto Mgbakwunye 10b).
Iji gosi uru nke onye nchịkọta a bara, etinyere okirikiri Stirling na ihe ngosi kwụ ọtọ nke nwere naanị PST MLC abụọ dị 0.5 mm dị ka ndị na-anakọta okpomọkụ, mgbanwe voltaji dị elu, mgbanwe voltaji dị ala nwere capacitor nchekwa, ihe ntụgharị DC/DC, obere njikwa ike, thermocouples abụọ na ihe ntụgharị boost (Ndetu mgbakwunye 11). Sekit ahụ chọrọ ka a chajịa capacitor nchekwa na 9V na mbụ wee na-agba ọsọ n'onwe ya ebe okpomọkụ nke MLC abụọ dị site na -5°C ruo 85°C, ebe a na okirikiri nke 160 s (egosiri ọtụtụ okirikiri na Nkọwa Mgbakwunye 11). Ihe dị ịtụnanya bụ na MLC abụọ dị naanị 0.3g nwere ike ijikwa nnukwu sistemụ a n'onwe ha. Ihe ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị bụ na obere voltaji converter nwere ike ịtụgharị 400V gaa na 10-15V na arụmọrụ 79% (Ndetu mgbakwunye 11 na Foto Mgbakwunye 11.3).
N'ikpeazụ, anyị lere anya n'otú modulu MLC ndị a si arụ ọrụ n'ịtụgharị ike okpomọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ike eletriki. A kọwara ihe dị mma η nke arụmọrụ dịka oke njupụta nke ike eletriki anakọtara Nd na njupụta nke okpomọkụ Qin enyere (Ihe mgbakwunye 12):
Foto 3a,b na-egosi arụmọrụ η na arụmọrụ nhata nke okirikiri Olsen, n'otu n'otu, dịka ọrụ nke oke okpomọkụ nke PST MLC dị arọ nke 0.5 mm. E nyere ntọala data abụọ ahụ maka ubi eletriki nke 195 kV cm-1. Arụmọrụ \(\this\) ruru 1.43%, nke hà nhata 18% nke ηr. Agbanyeghị, maka oke okpomọkụ nke 10 K site na 25 °C ruo 35 °C, ηr ruru uru ruo 40% (agba anụnụ anụnụ na Fig. 3b). Nke a bụ okpukpu abụọ nke uru a maara maka ihe NLP e dekọrọ na fim PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) na oke okpomọkụ nke 10 K na 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). A tụleghị oke okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 10 K n'ihi na hysteresis okpomọkụ nke PST MLC dị n'etiti 5 na 8 K. Ịghọta mmetụta dị mma nke mgbanwe usoro na arụmọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'ezie, a na-enweta ụkpụrụ kacha mma nke η na ηr fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na okpomọkụ mbụ Ti = 25°C na Fig. 3a,b. Nke a bụ n'ihi mgbanwe oge dị nso mgbe a naghị etinye ubi ọ bụla na okpomọkụ Curie TC dị ihe dị ka 20°C na MLC ndị a (Ihe mgbakwunye 13).
a,b, arụmọrụ η na arụmọrụ nhata nke okirikiri Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot}} maka ọkụ eletrik kachasị elu site na ubi nke 195 kV cm-1 na okpomọkụ mbụ dị iche iche Ti, }}\,\)(b) maka MPC PST 0.5 mm dị arọ, dabere na oge okpomọkụ ΔTspan.
Ihe a chọpụtara n'oge a nwere ihe abụọ dị mkpa: (1) ịgba ígwè ọ bụla dị irè ga-amalite n'okpomọkụ dị elu karịa TC ka mgbanwe usoro ubi (site na paraelectric gaa na ferroelectric) wee mee; (2) ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma karịa n'oge ọsọ dị nso na TC. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosi arụmọrụ dị ukwuu na nnwale anyị, oke okpomọkụ dị oke anaghị ekwe ka anyị nweta nnukwu arụmọrụ zuru oke n'ihi oke Carnot (\(\Delta T/T\)). Agbanyeghị, arụmọrụ dị mma nke PST MLC ndị a gosipụtara na-egosi Olsen mgbe o kwuru na "moto thermoelectric regenerative klas 20 kachasị mma nke na-arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ dị n'etiti 50 °C na 250 °C nwere ike inwe arụmọrụ nke 30%"17. Iji ruo ụkpụrụ ndị a ma nwalee echiche ahụ, ọ ga-abara uru iji PSTs doped nwere TC dị iche iche, dịka Shebanov na Borman si mụọ. Ha gosiri na TC na PST nwere ike ịdị iche site na 3°C (Sb doping) ruo 33°C (Ti doping) 22. Ya mere, anyị na-eche na ndị na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ọgbọ na-abịa dabere na PST MLCs ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere mgbanwe usoro mbụ siri ike nwere ike ịsọ mpi na ndị na-ewe ihe ubi ike kacha mma.
N'ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị nyochara MLCs e ji PST mee. Ngwaọrụ ndị a nwere usoro elektrọd Pt na PST, ebe a na-ejikọ ọtụtụ capacitors n'otu oge. A họọrọ PST n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe EC dị mma ma ya mere ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe NLP dị mma. Ọ na-egosipụta mgbanwe nke oge ferroelectric-paraelectric nke mbụ dị nkọ gburugburu 20 °C, na-egosi na mgbanwe entropy ya yiri nke egosiri na Fig. 1. Akọwapụtala MLC ndị yiri ya nke ọma maka ngwaọrụ EC13,14. N'ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị jiri 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ na 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLCs. E ji akwa 19 na 9 nke PST nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 38.6 µm mee MLCs nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1 mm na 0.5 mm, n'otu n'otu. N'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ, e tinyere akwa PST dị n'ime n'etiti elektrọd platinum dị arọ nke 2.05 µm. Nhazi nke MLC ndị a na-eche na 55% nke PST na-arụ ọrụ, nke kwekọrọ na akụkụ dị n'etiti elektrọd (Ndepụta Mgbakwunye 1). Mpaghara elektrọd na-arụ ọrụ bụ 48.7 mm2 (Tebụl Mgbakwunye 5). E ji usoro mmeghachi omume siri ike na usoro nkedo kwadebe MLC PST. Akọwala nkọwa nke usoro nkwadebe n'isiokwu gara aga14. Otu n'ime ihe dị iche n'etiti PST MLC na isiokwu gara aga bụ usoro nke saịtị B, nke na-emetụta arụmọrụ nke EC nke ukwuu na PST. Usoro nke saịtị B nke PST MLC bụ 0.75 (Ndepụta Mgbakwunye 2) nke enwetara site na sintering na 1400°C wee soro ọtụtụ narị awa na-eme ka annealing dị ogologo na 1000°C. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara PST MLC, lee Ihe Ndị Ọzọ 1-3 na Tebụl Mgbakwunye 5.
Isi echiche nke ọmụmụ ihe a dabere na okirikiri Olson (Foto 1). Maka okirikiri dị otu a, anyị chọrọ ebe nchekwa ọkụ na oyi na ọkọnọ ike nke nwere ike inyocha na ijikwa voltaji na ọkụ eletrik dị na modulu MLC dị iche iche. Okirikiri ndị a kpọmkwem jiri nhazi abụọ dị iche iche, ya bụ (1) modulu Linkam na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-eme ka oyi dị otu MLC ejikọrọ na isi iyi ike Keithley 2410, na (2) ihe atụ atọ (HARV1, HARV2 na HARV3) n'otu aka ahụ na ike isi iyi ahụ. N'okwu nke ikpeazụ, ejiri mmiri dielectric (mmanụ silicone nwere viscosity nke 5 cP na 25°C, zụtara n'aka Sigma Aldrich) maka mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'etiti ebe nchekwa abụọ ahụ (ọkụ na oyi) na MLC. Ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ ahụ nwere akpa iko jupụtara na mmiri dielectric ma tinye ya n'elu efere okpomọkụ. Ebe nchekwa oyi nwere bat mmiri nwere tube mmiri mmiri nwere mmiri dielectric n'ime nnukwu akpa plastik juputara na mmiri na ice. E tinyere valvụ pinch abụọ nke ụzọ atọ (nke a zụtara site na Bio-Chem Fluidics) n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke ngwakọta ahụ iji gbanwee mmiri mmiri nke ọma site n'otu ebe nchekwa gaa na nke ọzọ (Foto 2a). Iji hụ na nhazi okpomọkụ dị n'etiti ngwugwu PST-MLC na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, a gbatịkwuru oge okirikiri ahụ ruo mgbe thermocouples ntinye na mpụga (dị nso na ngwugwu PST-MLC) gosipụtara otu okpomọkụ ahụ. Ederede Python na-ejikwa ma na-emekọrịta ngwa niile (mita isi iyi, mgbapụta, valvụ, na thermocouples) iji gbaa okirikiri Olson ziri ezi, ya bụ, loop coolant na-amalite ịgbagharị site na PST stack mgbe a chajịrị mita isi iyi ka ha wee kpoo ọkụ na voltaji achọrọ maka okirikiri Olson enyere.
N'aka nke ọzọ, anyị ekwenyela na nha ndị a kpọmkwem nke ike anakọtara site na iji usoro ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè. Ụzọ ndị a na-apụtaghị ìhè dabere na mgbagharị eletrik (D) - oghere eletrik (E) nke a na-anakọta na okpomọkụ dị iche iche, sitekwa na ịgbakọ mpaghara dị n'etiti oghere DE abụọ, mmadụ nwere ike ịkọ nke ọma ego ole ike enwere ike ịchịkọta, dịka egosiri na eserese ahụ. na eserese 2. .1b. A na-ejikwa mita isi iyi Keithley anakọta loops DE ndị a.
E jikọtara MLC PST dị 28, nke nwere okpokolo agba 1 mm n'ime usoro efere nke nwere ahịrị anọ, kọlụm asaa dịka atụmatụ akọwara na ntụaka ahụ si dị. 14. Oghere mmiri dị n'etiti ahịrị PST-MLC bụ 0.75mm. A na-enweta nke a site na itinye mpempe teepu nwere akụkụ abụọ dị ka oghere mmiri gburugburu nsọtụ PST MLC. A na-ejikọta PST MLC na eletriki n'otu aka ahụ na akwa epoxy ọlaọcha na kọntaktị na ndu electrode. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ejiri resin epoxy ọlaọcha mado waya n'akụkụ nke ọ bụla nke ọdụ electrode maka njikọ na ọkọnọ ike. N'ikpeazụ, tinye nhazi ahụ dum n'ime ọkpọkọ polyolefin. A na-arapara nke ikpeazụ na tube mmiri iji hụ na ejiri akara kwesịrị ekwesị. N'ikpeazụ, e wuru thermocouples ụdị K dị 0.25 mm n'ime nsọtụ ọ bụla nke usoro PST-MLC iji nyochaa okpomọkụ mmiri mmiri na-abanye na mmiri na-apụta. Iji mee nke a, a ga-ebu ụzọ gbanye paịpụ ahụ. Mgbe etinyere thermocouple ahụ, tinye otu ihe nrapado ahụ dị ka ọ dị na mbụ n'etiti paịpụ thermocouple na waya iji weghachi akara ahụ.
E wuru ihe nlereanya asatọ dị iche iche, anọ n'ime ha nwere MLC PST 40 0.5 mm dị arọ nke kesara dị ka efere ndị yiri ibe ha nwere ogidi 5 na ahịrị 8, anọ ndị ọzọ nwekwara MLC PST 15 1 mm dị arọ nke ọ bụla. na nhazi efere ndị yiri ibe ha nke kọlụm 3 × ahịrị 5. Ọnụọgụ PST MLC ejiri mee ihe bụ 220 (160 0.5 mm dị arọ na 60 PST MLC dị arọ 1 mm). Anyị na-akpọ obere nkeji abụọ a HARV2_160 na HARV2_60. Oghere mmiri dị na ihe nlereanya HARV2_160 nwere teepu abụọ nwere akụkụ abụọ nke 0.25 mm dị arọ na waya dị arọ 0.25 mm n'etiti ha. Maka ihe nlereanya HARV2_60, anyị meghachiri otu usoro ahụ, mana anyị na-eji waya dị arọ 0.38 mm. Maka nhazi, HARV2_160 na HARV2_60 nwere sekit mmiri mmiri nke ha, pọmpụ, valvụ na akụkụ oyi (Ihe mgbakwunye 8). HARV2 nkeji abụọ na-ekerịta ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ, akpa lita 3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) na efere ọkụ abụọ nwere magnet na-agbagharị. Ihe nlereanya asatọ nke otu a jikọtara na eletriki n'otu oge. HARV2_160 na HARV2_60 na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge na okirikiri Olson nke na-eme ka owuwe ike nke 11.2 J.
Tinye PST MLC nke dị 0.5mm n'ime paịpụ polyolefin nwere teepu na waya n'akụkụ abụọ iji mepụta oghere maka mmiri mmiri ka ọ na-asọ. N'ihi obere nha ya, e tinyere ihe nlereanya ahụ n'akụkụ valvụ ebe nchekwa ọkụ ma ọ bụ oyi, na-ebelata oge okirikiri.
Na PST MLC, a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik na-adịgide adịgide site n'itinye voltaji na-adịgide adịgide na alaka ọkụ. N'ihi ya, a na-emepụta ọkụ okpomọkụ na-adịghị mma ma chekwaa ike. Mgbe a kpochara PST MLC ọkụ, a na-ewepụ ubi ahụ (V = 0), a na-eweghachikwa ike echekwara na ya na ebe a na-ere isi iyi, nke kwekọrọ na otu onyinye ọzọ nke ike anakọtara. N'ikpeazụ, mgbe etinyere voltaji V = 0, a na-ajụ oyi na MLC PSTs ruo na okpomọkụ mbụ ha ka okirikiri ahụ wee malite ọzọ. N'oge a, a naghị anakọta ike. Anyị ji Keithley 2410 SourceMeter gbaa okirikiri Olsen, na-ana PST MLC site na isi iyi voltaji ma na-edozi nha ugbu a na uru kwesịrị ekwesị ka e wee chịkọta isi ihe zuru oke n'oge oge chaja maka ngụkọ ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.
Na usoro Stirling, a na-agba PST MLCs ọkụ na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji na uru ubi eletriki mbụ (voltaji mbụ Vi > 0), ọkụ eletrik achọrọ ka usoro chaja wee were ihe dị ka sekọnd 1 (a na-anakọtakwa isi ihe zuru oke maka ngụkọ ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya) na okpomọkụ oyi. Na usoro Stirling, a na-agba PST MLCs ọkụ na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji na uru ubi eletriki mbụ (voltaji mbụ Vi > 0), ọkụ eletrik achọrọ ka usoro chaja wee were ihe dị ka sekọnd 1 (a na-anakọtakwa isi ihe zuru oke maka ngụkọ ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya) na okpomọkụ oyi. В циклах Стирлинга PST MLC Vi > 0), zhelaemmom podatlivom toke, tak chto эtap zaryadky zanymate okolo 1 s nadezhnogo раscheta эnerhya) na holodnaya temmperatura. N'ime usoro Stirling PST MLC, a na-ana ha ọkụ n'ụdị isi iyi voltaji na uru mbụ nke ubi eletriki (voltaji mbụ Vi > 0), ọkụ eletrik achọrọ, nke mere na ọkwa chaja na-ewe ihe dị ka 1 sekọnd (a na-anakọtakwa ọnụọgụ isi zuru oke maka ngụkọ ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya) na okpomọkụ oyi.在斯特林循环中， PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi > 0）充电，所需的顺应电流使得充电步骤大约需要1秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量）和低温。 N'ime okirikiri ukwu, a na-ana PST MLC na uru ubi eletriki mbụ (voltaji mbụ Vi > 0) na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji, nke mere na ọkụ achọrọ maka nnabata na-ewe ihe dị ka sekọnd 1 maka nzọụkwụ chaja (anyị chịkọtara isi ihe zuru oke iji gbakọọ (ike) na obere okpomọkụ n'ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. В циklе Стирлинга PST MLC na-eme ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri 0). nadezhno rasschyttat эnergy) na ndị na-adịghị ike temperturы. N'ime okirikiri Stirling, a na-agba PST MLC na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji site na uru mbụ nke ubi eletriki (voltaji mbụ Vi > 0), ọkụ eletrik achọrọ dị ka nke na ọkwa chaja na-ewe ihe dị ka 1 sekọnd (a na-anakọtakwa ọnụọgụ isi zuru oke iji gbakọọ ike ahụ nke ọma) na obere okpomọkụ.Tupu PST MLC ekpoo ọkụ, mepee sekit ahụ site n'itinye ọkụ eletrik nke I = 0 mA (opekempe ọkụ eletrik nke isi iyi nha anyị nwere ike ijikwa bụ 10 nA). N'ihi ya, chajị na-anọgide na PST nke MJK, voltaji ahụ na-abawanye ka ihe nlele ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ. Enweghị ike a na-anakọta na ogwe aka BC n'ihi na I = 0 mA. Mgbe ọ ruru okpomọkụ dị elu, voltaji dị na MLT FT na-abawanye (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ihe karịrị ugboro 30, lee fig ọzọ 7.2), a na-ewepụ MLK FT (V = 0), a na-echekwa ike eletrik n'ime ha maka otu ha si bụrụ chajị mbụ. A na-eweghachi otu ozi ugbu a na isi iyi mita. N'ihi mmụba voltaji, ike echekwara na okpomọkụ dị elu dị elu karịa nke enyere na mmalite nke okirikiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, a na-enweta ike site na ịtụgharị okpomọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik.
Anyị jiri Keithley 2410 SourceMeter nyochaa voltaji na ọkụ eletrik etinyere na PST MLC. A na-agbakọ ike kwekọrọ na ya site na ijikọta ngwaahịa nke voltaji na ọkụ eletrik site na mita isi iyi Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\left(t\ right){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), ebe τ bụ oge nke oge ahụ. Na usoro ike anyị, ụkpụrụ ike dị mma pụtara ike anyị nwere inye MLC PST, ụkpụrụ adịghị mma pụtara ike anyị na-ewepụta na ha na ya mere ike enwetara. A na-ekpebi ike dị n'etiti maka usoro nchịkọta enyere site na ikewa ike anakọtara site na oge τ nke okirikiri dum.
A na-egosi data niile n'ime isi ederede ma ọ bụ na ozi ndị ọzọ. A ga-eziga akwụkwọ ozi na arịrịọ maka ihe ndị dị na ya gaa na isi mmalite nke data AT ma ọ bụ ED nke e nyere na edemede a.
Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NC Nyocha nke mmepe na ojiji nke igwe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik dị ọkụ maka inweta ike. Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NC Nyocha nke mmepe na ojiji nke igwe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọkụ eletrik dị ọkụ maka inweta ike.Ando Junior, Ohio, Maran, ALO na Henao, NC Nkọwa nke mmepe na ojiji nke obere ihe na-emepụta thermoelectric maka owuwe ihe ubi ike. Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NC 回顾用于能量收集的热电微型发电机的开发和应用。 Ando Junior, OH, Maran, ALO & Henao, NCAndo Junior, Ohio, Maran, ALO, na Henao, NC na-atụle mmepe na ojiji nke obere ihe na-emepụta thermoelectric maka inweta ike.resume. nkwado. Energy Rev. 91, 376–393 (2018).
Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, B. & Sinke, WC Ihe ndị e ji fotovoltaic mee: arụmọrụ dị ugbu a na ihe ịma aka ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu. Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, B. & Sinke, WC Ihe ndị e ji fotovoltaic mee: arụmọrụ dị ugbu a na ihe ịma aka ndị ga-abịa n'ọdịnihu.Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EK, Ehrler, B. na Sinke, VK Ihe ndị e ji fotovoltaic mee: arụmọrụ dị ugbu a na ihe ịma aka ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu. Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, B. & Sinke, WC 光伏材料：目前的效率和未来的挑战。 Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EC, Ehrler, B. & Sinke, WC Ihe ndị e ji echekwa anyanwụ: arụmọrụ dị ugbu a na ihe ịma aka ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.Polman, A., Knight, M., Garnett, EK, Ehrler, B. na Sinke, VK Ihe ndị e ji fotovoltaic mee: arụmọrụ dị ugbu a na ihe ịma aka ndị ga-eme n'ọdịnihu.Sayensị 352, aad4424 (2016).
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Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Whatmore, RW Ihe ndị na-esote maka electrocaloric na pyroelectric maka mgbanwe ike electrothermal siri ike. Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Whatmore, RW Ihe ndị na-esote maka electrocaloric na pyroelectric maka mgbanwe ike electrothermal siri ike. Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & ihe ọzọ, RW vzaymnoho proreobrazovanyya teknuzu ihe eji eme ihe. Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Whatmore, RW Ọgbọ na-esote ihe electrocaloric na pyroelectric maka mgbanwe ike electrothermal siri ike. Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & ihe ọzọ, RW Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. na Whatmore, RW Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & ihe ọzọ, RW vzaymnoho proreobrazovanyya teknuzu ihe eji eme ihe. Alpay, SP, Mantese, J., Trolier-Mckinstry, S., Zhang, Q. & Whatmore, RW Ọgbọ na-esote ihe electrocaloric na pyroelectric maka mgbanwe ike electrothermal siri ike.Nwanyị Bull. 39, 1099–1109 (2014).
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Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND Usoro oyi elektrọnik na lead scandium tantalate na ezigbo mmụgharị site na mgbanwe ubi. Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND Usoro oyi elektrọnik na lead scandium tantalate na ezigbo mmụgharị site na mgbanwe ubi.Crossley, S., Nair, B., Watmore, RW, Moya, X. na Mathur, ND Usoro oyi elektrọnik na lead-scandium tantalate na mmeghari ohuru site na mgbanwe ubi. Crossley, S., Nair, B., Whatmore, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND 钽酸钪铅的电热冷却循环，通过场变化实现真正的再生。 Crossley, S., Nair, B., Ọzọkwa, RW, Moya, X. & Mathur, ND. Tantalum酸钪钪钪钪钪钪钪钪电求的电池水水水水水气水在电影在线电影。Crossley, S., Nair, B., Watmore, RW, Moya, X. na Mathur, ND Usoro oyi nke lead scandium na-eme ka a mata ihe dị n'ime ya maka mmụba ọhụrụ site na mgbanwe ubi.physics Rev. X 9, 41002 (2019).
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Anyị na-ekele N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, na K. Honda maka enyemaka ha n'ịmepụta MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB na ED. Daalụ nye Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) maka ịkwado ọrụ a site na CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay na BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Ngalaba Nnyocha na Teknụzụ Ihe, Ụlọ Ọrụ Teknụzụ Luxembourg (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg