Ịnye isi iyi ọkụ eletrik na-adịgide adịgide bụ otu n'ime ihe ịma aka kachasị mkpa nke narị afọ a. Ebe nyocha na ihe iwe ihe ubi sitere na mkpali a, gụnyere thermoelectric1, photovoltaic2 na thermophotovoltaics3. Ọ bụ ezie na anyị enweghị ihe na ngwaọrụ ndị nwere ike iweta ike na nso Joule, ihe pyroelectric nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ike eletrik n'ime mgbanwe okpomọkụ oge oge ka a na-ewere sensọ4 na ndị na-ewe ihe ike5,6,7. N'ebe a, anyị emepụtala ihe na-ewe ihe ọkụ ọkụ macroscopic n'ụdị capacitor multilayer nke gram 42 nke lead scandium tantalate, na-emepụta 11.2 J nke ike eletrik kwa okirikiri thermodynamic. Modul pyroelectric ọ bụla nwere ike ịmepụta njupụta ike eletrik ruo 4.43 J cm-3 kwa okirikiri. Anyị na-egosikwa na modul abụọ dị otú ahụ na-eru 0.3 g zuru ezu iji na-enye ike na-ewe ihe ubi nwere ikike na microcontrollers na ihe mmetụta okpomọkụ. N'ikpeazụ, anyị na-egosi na maka oke okpomọkụ nke 10 K, ndị a multilayer capacitors nwere ike iru 40% Carnot arụmọrụ. Ngwongwo ndị a bụ n'ihi (1) mgbanwe oge ferroelectric maka ịrụ ọrụ dị elu, (2) obere ntapu ugbu a iji gbochie mfu, na (3) voltaji ndakpọ dị elu. Ndị na-ewe ihe ọkụ ọkụ pyroelectric ndị a macroscopic, scalable na nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma na-atụgharịghachi ike ọgbọ ọkụ ọkụ.
Tụnyere gradient ọnọdụ okpomọkụ achọrọ maka ihe ọkụ ọkụ, iweta ike nke ihe ọkụ ọkụ na-achọ ịnya igwe okpomọkụ ka oge na-aga. Nke a pụtara okirikiri temomenaịka, nke akọwapụtara nke ọma site na eserese entropy (S) - tempreature (T). Ọgụgụ 1a na-egosi atụmatụ ST na-ahụkarị nke ihe na-abụghị linear pyroelectric (NLP) nke na-egosi mgbanwe ngbanwe ferroelectric-paraelectric na mpaghara na scandium lead tantalate (PST). Akụkụ acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke okirikiri na eserese ST kwekọrọ na ike eletrik agbanwere na okirikiri Olson (akụkụ abụọ isothermal na akụkụ abụọ isopole). N'ebe a, anyị na-atụle okirikiri abụọ nwere otu mgbanwe ọkụ eletrik (ubi na gbanyụọ) na mgbanwe okpomọkụ ΔT, n'agbanyeghị na okpomọkụ dị iche iche dị iche iche. The green okirikiri na-adịghị dị na frasi mgbanwe mpaghara na otú nwere a ukwuu nta ebe karịa-acha anụnụ anụnụ okirikiri emi odude ke frasi mgbanwe mpaghara. Na eserese ST, ka mpaghara ahụ buru ibu, ka ike anakọtara ka ukwuu. Ya mere, mgbanwe nke oge ga-anakọta ike karịa. Mkpa maka ịnya igwe buru ibu na NLP yiri mkpa maka ngwa electrothermal9, 10, 11, 12 ebe PST multilayer capacitors (MLCs) na PVDF dabeere na terpolymers egosila na nso nso a ọmarịcha arụmọrụ. ọnọdụ arụmọrụ jụrụ oyi na okirikiri 13,14,15,16. Ya mere, anyị achọpụtala PST MLC nke mmasị maka iweta ike ọkụ. A kọwapụtala ihe nlele ndị a n'ụzọ zuru ezu n'ime usoro ahụ wee mara na ndetu mgbakwunye 1 (nyocha microscopy eletrọn), 2 (diffraction X-ray) na 3 (calorimetry).
a, Sketch of an entropy (S) -okpomọkụ (T) ibé na ọkụ eletrik na gbanyụọ na-etinyere na NLP ihe na-egosi mgbanwe nke oge. A na-egosi usoro nchịkọta ike abụọ na mpaghara okpomọkụ abụọ dị iche iche. Na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ cycles na-eme n'ime na n'èzí nke oge mgbanwe, n'otu n'otu, na njedebe na dị nnọọ iche iche na mpaghara nke elu. b, mgbanaka abụọ DE PST MLC unipolar, 1 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ, tụrụ n'etiti 0 na 155 kV cm-1 na 20 Celsius na 90 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu, na okirikiri Olsen kwekọrọ. Akwụkwọ ozi ABCD na-ezo aka na steeti dị iche iche na okirikiri Olson. AB: MLC na-ebubo na 155 kV cm-1 na 20 Celsius. BC: A na-edobe MLC na 155 kV cm-1 ma mee ka okpomọkụ dị elu ruo 90 Celsius. CD: MLC na-agbapụta na 90ºC. DA: MLC jụrụ 20°C n'ọhịa efu. Mpaghara acha anụnụ anụnụ kwekọrọ na ike ntinye achọrọ iji malite okirikiri. Mpaghara oroma bụ ike anakọtara n'otu okirikiri. c, elu panel, voltaji (ojii) na ugbu a (acha ọbara ọbara) na oge, na-esochi n'otu oge Olson dịka b. Ihe ntinye abụọ ahụ na-anọchi anya mmụba nke voltaji na ugbu a na isi ihe na okirikiri. N'ime panel nke dị ala, akụkụ na-acha odo odo na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na-anọchite anya ọnọdụ okpomọkụ kwekọrọ na ike ike, n'otu n'otu, maka 1 mm oké MLC. A na-agbakọ ike site na mgbanaka ugbu a na voltaji n'elu panel. Ike adịghị mma kwekọrọ na ike anakọtara. Nzọụkwụ kwekọrọ na mkpụrụedemede ukwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ anọ ahụ bụ otu ihe ahụ na okirikiri Olson. Okirikiri AB'CD dabara na okirikiri Stirling ( ndetu mgbakwunye 7).
ebe E na D bụ ọkụ eletrik na ebe mgbapụ eletrik, n'otu n'otu. Enwere ike nweta Nd n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya site na sekit DE (Fig 1b) ma ọ bụ ozugbo site na ịmalite okirikiri thermodynamic. Ụzọ kacha baa uru bụ Olsen kọwara n'ọrụ ọsụ ụzọ ya na ịnakọta ike pyroelectric na 1980s17.
Na fig. 1b na-egosi loops DE monopolar abụọ nke 1 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ PST-MLC ụdị agbakọtara na 20 Celsius C na 90 Celsius C, n'otu n'otu, karịa 0 ruo 155 kV cm-1 (600 V). Enwere ike iji okirikiri abụọ a gbakọọ ike n'ụzọ na-edoghị anya nke okirikiri Olson anakọtara nke egosiri na eserese 1a. N'ezie, okirikiri Olsen nwere alaka abụọ isofield (ebe a, ebe efu na alaka DA na 155 kV cm-1 na alaka BC) na alaka abụọ isothermal (ebe a, 20 ° C na 20 ° C na AB alaka). . C na ngalaba CD) Ike anakọtara n'oge okirikiri kwekọrọ na mpaghara oroma na acha anụnụ anụnụ (EdD integral). The anakọtara ike Nd bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti ntinye na mmepụta ike, ie naanị oroma ebe na fig. 1b. okirikiri Olson a na-enye Nd ike ike nke 1.78 J cm-3. Okirikiri Stirling bụ ihe ọzọ na okirikiri Olson (Ihe mgbakwunye 7). N'ihi na a na-erute ọkwa nke ụgwọ mgbe niile (oghe oghe) n'ụzọ dị mfe, njupụta ike nke a na-enweta na Fig. 1b (cycle AB'CD) ruru 1.25 J cm-3. Nke a bụ naanị 70% nke ihe okirikiri Olson nwere ike ịnakọta, mana akụrụngwa owuwe ihe ubi dị mfe na-eme ya.
Na mgbakwunye, anyị tụlere ike anakọtara n'oge okirikiri Olson ozugbo site n'ịkwalite PST MLC site na iji usoro njikwa okpomọkụ Linkam na mita isi iyi (usoro). Ọgụgụ 1c n'elu na n'ime insets dị iche iche na-egosi ugbu a (red) na voltaji (oji) anakọtara n'otu 1 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ PST MLC maka DE loop na-agafe n'otu okirikiri Olson. Ihe dị ugbu a na voltaji na-eme ka o kwe omume ịgbakọ ike anakọtara, a na-egosikwa akụkụ ndị ahụ na fig. 1c, ala (akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ) na okpomọkụ (odo) na okirikiri. Akwụkwọ ozi ABCD na-anọchi anya otu okirikiri Olson dị na Fig. 1. MLC na-akwụ ụgwọ na-eme n'oge ụkwụ AB ma na-eme ya na obere oge (200 µA), ya mere SourceMeter nwere ike ịchịkwa nchaji nke ọma. Nsonaazụ nke mmalite mmalite a na-adịgide adịgide bụ na mgbanaka voltaji (okirikiri ojii) abụghị ahịrị n'ihi oghere nwere ike ịpụ n'ahịrị na-enweghị ahịrị D PST (Fig 1c, inset top). Na njedebe nke ịchaji, a na-echekwa 30 mJ nke ike eletrik na MLC (isi B). MLC ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma (na ya mere ihe na-adịghị mma) mgbe voltaji na-anọgide na 600 V. Mgbe 40 s, mgbe okpomọkụ ahụ ruru ala dị larịị nke 90 Celsius C, a na-akwụ ụgwọ ugbu a, ọ bụ ezie na ihe nlele nzọụkwụ. emepụtara na sekit ike eletrik nke 35 mJ n'oge isofield a (ntinye nke abụọ na Fig. 1c, n'elu). A na-ebelata voltaji dị na MLC (CD alaka ụlọ ọrụ), na-ebute 60 mJ ọzọ nke ọrụ eletrik. Ngụkọta ike mmepụta bụ 95mJ. Ike anakọtara bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti ntinye na ike mmepụta, nke na-enye 95 - 30 = 65 mJ. Nke a kwekọrọ na njupụta ike nke 1.84 J cm-3, nke dị nso na Nd nke ewepụtara na mgbanaka DE. A nwalela mmụgharị nke okirikiri Olson a nke ukwuu (Ihe mgbakwunye 4). Site n'ihu na-abawanye voltaji na okpomọkụ, anyị nwetara 4.43 J cm-3 iji Olsen cycles na a 0.5 mm oké PST MLC n'elu a okpomọkụ nso nke 750 V (195 kV cm-1) na 175 °C (Ngbakwunye Note 5). Nke a dị okpukpu anọ karịa arụmọrụ kachasị mma nke a kọrọ na akwụkwọ maka cycles Olson kpọmkwem ma nweta ya na fim ndị dị mkpa nke Pb (Mg, Nb) O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) (1.06 J cm-3) 18 (cm .Mgbakwunye). Isiokwu 1 maka ụkpụrụ ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ). Eruola ịrụ ọrụ a n'ihi ntakịrị ntanye dị ugbu a nke MLC ndị a (<10-7 A na 750 V na 180 Celsius C, lee nkọwa na Nkọwa mgbakwunye 6) - isi ihe dị mkpa Smith et al.19 kwuru banyere ya - n'ụzọ dị iche. gaa n'ihe e ji mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mbụ17,20. Eruola ịrụ ọrụ a n'ihi ntakịrị ntanye dị ugbu a nke MLC ndị a (<10-7 A na 750 V na 180 Celsius C, lee nkọwa na Nkọwa mgbakwunye 6) - isi ihe dị mkpa Smith et al.19 kwuru banyere ya - n'ụzọ dị iche. gaa n'ihe e ji mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mbụ17,20. Ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta ihe na-eme ka ọ dịkwuo mma (<10-7 А при 750 В и 18 лнительном примечании 6) — критический момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — в отличие от к материалам, использованным в более ранних исследованиях17,20. E nwetara njirimara ndị a n'ihi ntakịrị ntapu dị ugbu a nke MLC ndị a (<10-7 A na 750 V na 180 Celsius, lee Ihe mgbakwunye 6 maka nkọwa) - isi ihe dị egwu Smith et al kwuru. 19 - n'adịghị ka ihe ndị e ji mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe mbụ17,20.由于这些MLC 的泄漏电流非常低（在750 V 和180 °C 时<10-7 A，请参见补充说明6 们人的明6 中的明6提到的关键点——相比之下，已经达到了这种性能到早期研究中使用的材料17,20。由于 mlc 的 泄漏 非常 （在 在 750 V 和 180 ° C 时 <10-7 A. ） — 等 人 19 提到 关键 关键 点 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下 相比之下早期研究中使用的材料17.20. Поскольку ток утечky эtyh MLC nke nnyzky (<10–7 А 750 В и 180 °C, см. POSITION) момент, упомянутый Смитом и др. 19 — dlya sravnenyya, bыly dostygnutы эty harakteristyki. Ebe ọ bụ na ntapu nke ugbu a nke MLC ndị a dị obere (<10–7 A na 750 V na 180 Celsius, lee Ihe mgbakwunye 6 maka nkọwa) - isi ihe Smith et al kwuru. 19 - maka ntụnyere, arụrụ ọrụ ndị a.ruo ihe ndị e ji mee ihe na mbụ ọmụmụ 17,20.
Otu ọnọdụ ahụ (600 V, 20-90 Celsius) etinyere na okirikiri Stirling (Nkọwa mgbakwunye 7). Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya site na nsonaazụ nke okirikiri DE, mkpụrụ ahụ bụ 41.0 mJ. Otu n'ime ihe kacha pụta ìhè nke Stirling cycles bụ ike ha na-amụba voltaji mbụ site na mmetụta ọkụ ọkụ. Anyị hụrụ uru voltaji ruru 39 (site na voltaji mbụ nke 15 V ruo na voltaji njedebe nke ruru 590 V, lee Mgbakwunye Fig. 7.2).
Ihe ọzọ dị iche iche nke MLC ndị a bụ na ha bụ ihe macroscopic buru ibu nke na-anakọta ike na oke joule. Ya mere, anyị rụrụ a prototype na-ewe ihe ubi (HARV1) na-eji 28 MLC PST 1 mm oké, na-agbaso otu ihe yiri efere efere nke Torello et al.14 kọwara, na 7 × 4 matrix dị ka e gosiri na fig. The okpomọkụ na-ebu dielectric mmiri mmiri na. A na-akwagharị manifold site na mgbapụta peristaltic n'etiti ọdọ mmiri abụọ ebe a na-edobe okpomọkụ mmiri mgbe niile (usoro). Na-anakọta ruo 3.1 J site na iji okirikiri Olson akọwara na fig. 2a, mpaghara isothermal na 10 ° C na 125 ° C na mpaghara isofield na 0 na 750 V (195 kV cm-1). Nke a kwekọrọ na njupụta ike nke 3.14 J cm-3. Iji ngwakọta a, a na-ewere nha n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche (Fig 2b). Rịba ama na 1.8 J nwetara n'elu okpomọkụ nke 80 Celsius C na voltaji nke 600 V (155 kV cm-1). Nke a dị na nkwekọrịta dị mma na 65 mJ a kpọtụrụ aha na mbụ maka 1 mm oké PST MLC n'okpuru otu ọnọdụ (28 × 65 = 1820 mJ).
a, Nhazi nnwale nke ụdị HARV1 agbakọtara dabere na 28 MLC PSTs 1 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ (ahịrị 4 × 7 kọlụm) na-agba ọsọ na okirikiri Olson. Maka nke ọ bụla n'ime usoro okirikiri anọ, a na-enye okpomọkụ na voltaji na prototype. Kọmputa ahụ na-ebugharị mgbapụta peristaltic nke na-ekesa mmiri dielectric n'etiti ebe nchekwa oyi na ọkụ, valvụ abụọ, na isi iyi ike. Kọmputa ahụ na-ejikwa thermocouples na-anakọta data na voltaji na nke ugbu a enyere na prototype na okpomọkụ nke ngwakọta sitere na ọkụ ọkụ. b, Energy (agba) anakọtara site na anyị 4 × 7 MLC prototype vesos okpomọkụ nso (X-axis) na voltaji (Y-axis) dị iche iche nnwale.
Ụdị ka ukwuu nke onye na-ewe ihe ubi (HARV2) na 60 PST MLC 1 mm oké na 160 PST MLC 0.5 mm oké (41.7 g na-arụ ọrụ pyroelectric ihe) nyere 11.2 J (Ngbakwunye 8). Na 1984, Olsen mere onye na-ewe ihe ike na-adabere na 317 g nke tin-doped Pb (Zr, Ti) O3 compound nwere ike ịmepụta 6.23 J nke ọkụ eletrik na okpomọkụ nke ihe dịka 150 ° C (ref. 21). Maka ngwakọta a, nke a bụ naanị uru ọzọ dị na oke joule. O nwetara ihe karịrị ọkara uru anyị nwetara na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu asaa karịa. Nke a pụtara na njupụta ume nke HARV2 dị elu ugboro iri na atọ.
Oge okirikiri HARV1 bụ sekọnd 57. Nke a mepụtara 54 mW nke ike nwere ahịrị 4 nke ogidi 7 nke 1 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ MLC. Iji mee ya otu nzọụkwụ n'ihu, anyị wuru ngwakọta nke atọ (HARV3) na 0.5mm oké PST MLC na nhazi yiri ya na HARV1 na HARV2 (Ntuba Ntụle 9). Anyị tụrụ oge thermalization nke 12.5 sekọnd. Nke a kwekọrọ na oge okirikiri nke 25 s (Mgbakwunye Fig. 9). Ike anakọtara (47 mJ) na-enye ike eletrik nke 1.95 mW kwa MLC, nke na-enye anyị ohere iche na HARV2 na-emepụta 0.55 W (ihe dịka 1.95 mW × 280 PST MLC 0.5 mm). Tụkwasị na nke a, anyị na-eme ka nnyefe ọkụ na-eji Finite Element Simulation (COMSOL, Nkọwa 10 na mgbakwunye 2-4) kwekọrọ na nyocha HARV1. Nlebanya ihe dị oke ọnụ mere ka o kwe omume ịkọ ụkpụrụ ike ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ usoro ịdị elu dị elu (430mW) maka otu ọnụ ọgụgụ nke kọlụm PST site na ibelata MLC ruo 0.2 mm, na-eji mmiri dị ka coolant, na iweghachi matriks na ahịrị 7. . × 4 ogidi (na mgbakwunye na , e nwere 960 mW mgbe tank dị n'akụkụ ikpokọta, Mgbakwunye Fig. 10b).
Iji gosipụta uru nke onye nchịkọta a, a na-etinye usoro Stirling na onye ngosi kwụ ọtọ nke nwere naanị abụọ 0.5 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ PST MLC dị ka ndị na-anakọta okpomọkụ, nnukwu ọkụ ọkụ ọkụ, ọkụ ọkụ dị ala na nchekwa nchekwa, ihe ntụgharị DC / DC. , Igwe njikwa ike dị ala, thermocouples abụọ na ihe ntụgharị nkwalite (Ihe mgbakwunye 11). Sekit ahụ chọrọ ka ebuba capacitor nchekwa na mbụ na 9V wee na-agba ọsọ n'onwe ya ebe okpomọkụ nke MLC abụọ sitere na -5°C ruo 85°C, ebe a na okirikiri nke 160 s (ọtụtụ okirikiri ka egosiri na mgbakwunye mgbakwunye 11) . N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, MLC abụọ na-atụ naanị 0.3g nwere ike ịchịkwa nnukwu usoro a. Ihe ọzọ na-adọrọ mmasị bụ na onye na-agbanwe voltaji dị ala nwere ike ịtụgharị 400V gaa na 10-15V na arụmọrụ 79% (Ihe mgbakwunye 11 na ihe mgbakwunye 11.3).
N'ikpeazụ, anyị tụlere arụmọrụ nke modul MLC ndị a n'ịgbanwe ike ọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ike eletrik. Akọwapụtara ihe dị mma η nke arụmọrụ dị ka nha nke njupụta nke ike eletrik anakọtara Nd na njupụta nke Qin okpomoku ewepụtara (Ihe mgbakwunye 12):
Ọnụọgụ 3a,b na-egosi arụmọrụ η na nha nha nke arụmọrụ ηr nke okirikiri Olsen, n'otu n'otu, dịka ọrụ nke ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke 0.5 mm PST MLC. A na-enye usoro data abụọ maka ọkụ eletrik nke 195 kV cm-1. Ịrụ ọrụ \ (\ a \) ruru 1.43%, nke ya na 18% nke ηr. Otú ọ dị, maka ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke 10 K site na 25 °C ruo 35 Celsius C, ηr ruru ụkpụrụ ruo 40% (mkpụrụ anụnụ anụnụ na Fig. 3b). Nke a bụ okpukpu abụọ amara ama ama maka ihe NLP edekọ na ihe nkiri PMN-PT (ηr = 19%) na ọnọdụ okpomọkụ nke 10 K na 300 kV cm-1 (Ref. 18). A naghị atụle ọnọdụ okpomọkụ dị n'okpuru 10 K n'ihi na hysteresis thermal nke PST MLC dị n'etiti 5 na 8 K. Ịmata mmetụta dị mma nke ntụgharị oge na arụmọrụ dị oke mkpa. N'ezie, ụkpụrụ kachasị mma nke η na ηr fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile enwetara na okpomọkụ mbụ Ti = 25 ° C na fig. 3a,b. Nke a bụ n'ihi ngbanwe oge nso mgbe ọ nweghị ubi etinyere ya na Curie okpomọkụ TC dị gburugburu 20 Celsius C na MLC ndị a (Ngbakwunye 13).
a,b, arụmọrụ η na nha nhata nke usoro okirikiri Olson (a)\({\eta }_{{\rm{r}}}=\eta /{\eta}_{{\rm{Carnot} } maka ọkụ eletrik kachasị site na mpaghara 195 kV cm-1 na okpomọkụ dị iche iche nke mbụ Ti, }} \, \) (b) maka MPC PST 0.5 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ, dabere na oge okpomọkụ ΔTspan.
Nleba anya nke ikpeazụ nwere ihe abụọ dị mkpa: (1) ịgba ígwè ọ bụla dị irè ga-amalite na okpomọkụ dị n'elu TC maka ntụgharị oge na-ebute ubi (site na paraelectric na ferroelectric) ime; (2) ihe ndị a na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọsọ na nso TC. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-egosipụta arụmọrụ dị ukwuu na nnwale anyị, oke okpomọkụ adịghị ekwe ka anyị nweta nnukwu arụmọrụ zuru oke n'ihi oke Carnot (\(Delta T / T \)). Agbanyeghị, ọmarịcha arụmọrụ nke PST MLC ndị a gosipụtara na-akwado Olsen mgbe ọ na-ekwu na “klas 20 regenerative thermoelectric moto nke na-arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ n'etiti 50 Celsius C na 250 Celsius C nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ nke 30%”17. Iji ruo ụkpụrụ ndị a ma nwalee echiche ahụ, ọ ga-aba uru iji PST doped na TC dị iche iche, dịka Shebanov na Borman mụrụ. Ha gosiri na TC na PST nwere ike ịdị iche site na 3 ° C (Sb doping) ruo 33 ° C (Ti doping) 22 . Ya mere, anyị na-eche na ọgbọ na-esote pyroelectric regenerators dabeere na doped PST MLCs ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ nwere ike nke mbụ usoro mgbanwe mgbanwe nke mbụ nwere ike ịsọ mpi na ndị kacha mma na-ewe ihe ike.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị nyochara MLC nke sitere na PST. Ngwa ndị a nwere usoro electrodes Pt na PST, nke ejikọrọ ọtụtụ capacitors n'otu aka ahụ. A họọrọ PST n'ihi na ọ bụ ihe EC mara mma yana ya mere ọ nwere ike ịbụ ezigbo NLP. Ọ na-egosiputa ntụgharị ntụgharị nke mbụ ferroelectric-paraelectric na gburugburu 20 Celsius C, na-egosi na mgbanwe entropy ya yiri nke egosiri na Fig. 1. MLC ndị yiri ya ka akọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu maka ngwaọrụ EC13,14. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị jiri 10.4 × 7.2 × 1 mm³ na 10.4 × 7.2 × 0.5 mm³ MLC. MLC ndị nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 1 mm na 0.5 mm sitere na 19 na 9 n'ígwé nke PST nwere ọkpụrụkpụ nke 38.6 µm, n'otu n'otu. N'okwu abụọ ahụ, a na-etinye oyi akwa PST dị n'ime n'etiti 2.05 µm nnukwu platinum electrodes. Nhazi nke MLC ndị a na-eche na 55% nke PST na-arụ ọrụ, kwekọrọ na akụkụ dị n'etiti electrodes (Ngbakwunye 1). Mpaghara electrode na-arụ ọrụ bụ 48.7 mm2 (Ntinye mgbakwunye 5). A kwadoro MLC PST site na mmeghachi omume na usoro nkedo siri ike. A kọwawo nkọwa nke usoro nkwadebe na isiokwu gara aga14. Otu n'ime ọdịiche dị n'etiti PST MLC na isiokwu gara aga bụ usoro nke saịtị B, nke na-emetụta oke arụmọrụ nke EC na PST. Usoro nke saịtị B nke PST MLC bụ 0.75 (Nkọwa mgbakwunye 2) nwetara site na ịgbanye na 1400°C na-esochi ọtụtụ narị awa ogologo oge na 1000°C. Maka ozi ndị ọzọ gbasara PST MLC, lee Ihe mgbakwunye 1-3 na tebụl mgbakwunye 5.
Isi echiche nke ọmụmụ a dabeere na okirikiri Olson (Fig 1). Maka okirikiri dị otú ahụ, anyị chọrọ ebe nchekwa ọkụ na oyi na-ekpo ọkụ na ọkụ ọkụ nwere ike nyochaa na ịchịkwa voltaji na ugbu a na ụdị MLC dị iche iche. Usoro okirikiri ndị a na-eji nhazi abụọ dị iche iche, ya bụ (1) Linkam modules kpo oku ma mee ka otu MLC jikọọ na isi iyi ike Keithley 2410, na (2) ụdị atọ (HARV1, HARV2 na HARV3) n'otu aka ahụ na otu ike isi iyi. N'okwu nke ikpeazụ, a na-eji mmiri mmiri dielectric (mmanụ silicone nwere viscosity nke 5 cP na 25 Celsius C, nke a zụtara na Sigma Aldrich) maka mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'etiti mmiri abụọ (ọkụ na oyi) na MLC. Ebe nchekwa ọkụ na-agụnye akpa iko jupụtara na mmiri dielectric ma tinye ya n'elu efere ọkụ. Nchekwa oyi na-agụnye mmiri ịsa ahụ na tubes mmiri mmiri nwere mmiri dielectric n'ime nnukwu akpa rọba jupụtara na mmiri na ice. A na-etinye valvụ pinch ụzọ abụọ (nke a zụtara na Bio-Chem Fluidics) na njedebe nke ọ bụla iji gbanwee mmiri nke ọma site n'otu ebe nchekwa gaa na nke ọzọ (Nyocha 2a). Iji hụ na nha nhata dị n'etiti ngwugwu PST-MLC na coolant, agbatịkwuru oge okirikiri ruo mgbe inlet na outlet thermocouples (dị ka o kwere mee na ngwugwu PST-MLC) gosipụtara otu okpomọkụ ahụ. Ederede Python na-ejikwa ma mekọrịta ngwa niile (mita isi iyi, nfuli, valves na thermocouples) iji mee okirikiri Olson ziri ezi, ya bụ, loop coolant na-amalite ịgba ígwè site na nchịkọta PST mgbe agbachara mita isi ka ha wee kpoo ọkụ n'oge achọrọ. etinyere voltaji maka okirikiri Olson nyere.
N'aka nke ọzọ, anyị ejirila ụzọ ndị na-apụtaghị ìhè kwado nha ike ndị a kpọmkwem. Ụzọ ndị a na-apụtaghị ìhè na-adabere na mgbapụ eletrik (D) - ọkụ eletrik (E) loops ubi anakọtara na okpomọkụ dị iche iche, na site n'ịgbakọ ebe dị n'etiti abụọ DE loops, mmadụ nwere ike ịkọwa n'ụzọ ziri ezi ego ole enwere ike ịnakọta, dị ka egosiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ. . na onu ogugu 2. 1b. A na-anakọta loops DE ndị a site na iji mita isi mmalite Keithley.
PST MLCs gbara ọkpụrụkpụ dị iri abụọ na asatọ 1 ka agbakọtara n'usoro efere dị okirikiri 4, kọlụm 7 dịka atụmatụ akọwara na ntụnye aka ahụ. 14. Oghere mmiri dị n'etiti ahịrị PST-MLC bụ 0.75mm. A na-enweta nke a site n'ịgbakwụnye teepu nwere akụkụ abụọ dị ka oghere mmiri n'akụkụ akụkụ PST MLC. PST MLC na-ejikọta ya na eletriki eletrik yana akwa akwa epoxy ọlaọcha na kọntaktị na electrode na-eduga. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-ejikọta wires na resin ọla ọcha epoxy n'akụkụ ọ bụla nke njedebe electrode maka njikọ na ọkụ. N'ikpeazụ, tinye usoro ahụ dum n'ime eriri polyolefin. A na-ejikọta nke ikpeazụ na tube mmiri iji hụ na a na-emechi ya nke ọma. N'ikpeazụ, 0.25 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ K-ụdị thermocouples ka arụnyere n'ime njedebe nke ọ bụla nke ihe owuwu PST-MLC iji nyochaa nbanye na mpụta okpomọkụ mmiri mmiri. Iji mee nke a, a ga-ebu ụzọ kpoo eriri ahụ. Mgbe ị wụnyechara thermocouple, tinye otu nrapado dịka ọ dị na mbụ n'etiti eriri thermocouple na waya iji weghachi akara ahụ.
Ewubere prototypes asatọ dị iche iche, anọ n'ime ha nwere MLC PST gbara ọkpụrụkpụ 40 0.5 mm ekesara dị ka efere yiri ya na kọlụm 5 na ahịrị 8, ma anọ ndị fọdụrụ nwere 15 1 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ MLC PST nke ọ bụla. na 3-ogidi × 5-ahiri efere yiri ya. Ngụkọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke PST MLC ejiri mee ihe bụ 220 (160 0.5 mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ na 60 PST MLC 1 mm). Anyị na-akpọ ngalaba abụọ a HARV2_160 na HARV2_60. The mmiri mmiri ọdịiche dị na prototype HARV2_160 mejupụtara abụọ abụọ-kwadoro teepu 0.25 mm oké na a waya 0.25 mm oké n'etiti ha. N'ihi na HARV2_60 prototype, anyị ugboro ugboro otu usoro, ma na-eji 0.38 mm oké waya. Maka symmetry, HARV2_160 na HARV2_60 nwere sekit mmiri nke ha, nfuli, valvụ na akụkụ oyi (Ihe mgbakwunye 8). Nkeji HARV2 abụọ na-ekekọrịta ebe nchekwa ọkụ, akpa lita 3 (30 cm x 20 cm x 5 cm) na efere ọkụ abụọ nwere magnet na-atụgharị. A na-ejikọta ụdị ụdị asatọ niile n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu. Ndị HARV2_160 na HARV2_60 na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge n'ime okirikiri Olson na-ebute owuwe ihe ubi ike nke 11.2 J.
Tinye PST MLC 0.5mm gbara ọkpụrụkpụ n'ime eriri polyolefin nwere teepu nwere akụkụ abụọ na waya n'akụkụ abụọ iji mepụta ohere maka mmiri mmiri na-asọ. N'ihi obere nha ya, a na-etinye prototype n'akụkụ valvụ nchekwa nchekwa ọkụ ma ọ bụ oyi, na-ebelata oge okirikiri.
Na PST MLC, a na-etinye ọkụ eletrik mgbe niile site n'itinye ọkụ eletrik na alaka ụlọ ọkụ. N'ihi ya, a na-emepụta ọkụ ọkụ na-adịghị mma ma na-echekwa ike. Mgbe kpochara PST MLC, a na-ewepụ ala ahụ (V = 0), na ike echekwara na ya na-alaghachi azụ na isi iyi, nke kwekọrọ na otu onyinye ọzọ nke ike anakọtara. N'ikpeazụ, na voltaji V = 0 etinyere, a na-eme ka ndị MLC PST dị jụụ na okpomọkụ mbụ ha ka okirikiri wee malite ọzọ. N'oge a, a naghị anakọta ike. Anyị na-eji Keithley 2410 SourceMeter na-agba ọsọ Olsen okirikiri, na-ebufe PST MLC site na isi iyi voltaji ma na-edozi egwuregwu dị ugbu a na uru kwesịrị ekwesị nke mere na a na-anakọta isi ihe zuru ezu n'oge oge nchaji maka ịgbakọ ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya.
Na Stirling cycles, a na-ebo PST MLCs na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji na ọnụahịa ọkụ eletrik mbụ (voltage mbụ Vi> 0), nnabata achọrọ ugbu a ka usoro nchaji wee were ihe dịka 1 s (na-achịkọta isi ihe zuru oke maka ngụkọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. ike) na oyi oyi. Na Stirling cycles, a na-ebo PST MLCs na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji na ọnụahịa ọkụ eletrik mbụ (voltage mbụ Vi> 0), nnabata achọrọ ugbu a ka usoro nchaji wee were ihe dịka 1 s (na-achịkọta isi ihe zuru oke maka ngụkọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. ike) na oyi oyi. В цтирлинга PSC MLC derисьжимеа валия золя знальное напря na -achọ Vi> 0), Коло 1 Коколоп нартаточно достато доччч деа дежного рачета yаолег) и Тая терая. Na Stirling PST MLC cycles, a na-ebo ha ebubo na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji na uru mbụ nke eletriki eletrik (voltrị mbụ Vi> 0), ihe a chọrọ ugbu a, nke mere na nchaji na-ewe ihe dịka 1 s (na ọnụ ọgụgụ zuru ezu). A na-anakọta isi ihe maka ngụkọta ike a pụrụ ịdabere na ya) na oyi oyi.在斯特林循环中， PST MLC 在电压源模式下以初始电场值（初始电压Vi >步骤大约需要1 秒（并且收集了足够的点以可靠地计算能量)和低温. N'ime okirikiri nke nna ukwu, a na-ebo PST MLC na ọnụahịa ọkụ eletrik mbụ (mbụ voltaji Vi> 0) na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji, nke mere na nrube isi achọrọ na-ewe ihe dị ka 1 nke abụọ maka usoro nchaji (ma anyị chịkọtara isi ihe zuru oke. gbakọọ ntụkwasị obi (ike) na obere okpomọkụ. В цикле Стирлинга PST MLC заряжается в режиме источника напряжения с начальным значением электрического поля (начальное напряжение Vi > 0), требуемый ток податливости таков, что этап зарядки занимает около 1 с (и набирается достаточное количество точек, чтобы надежно рассчитать энергию) и низкие температуры . N'ime okirikiri Stirling, a na-ebo PST MLC na ọnọdụ isi iyi voltaji yana uru mbụ nke mpaghara eletriki (voltage mbụ Vi> 0), nnabata achọrọ ugbu a bụ na ọkwa nchaji na-ewe ihe dịka 1 s (na ọnụọgụ zuru oke). A na-anakọta isi ihe iji gbakọọ ike nke ọma) na obere okpomọkụ.Tupu PST MLC kpoo ọkụ, mepee sekit site n'itinye ihe dabara adaba nke I = 0 mA (nke kacha nta na-adaba na isi mmalite anyị nwere ike ijikwa bụ 10 nA). N'ihi ya, ụgwọ na-anọgide na PST nke MJK, na voltaji na-abawanye ka sample okpomọkụ elu. Enweghị ike anakọtara na ogwe aka BC n'ihi na m = 0 mA. Mgbe ị nwetasịrị okpomọkụ dị elu, voltaji dị na MLT FT na-abawanye (n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ ihe karịrị ugboro 30, lee ihe ọzọ fig 7.2), MLK FT na-ahapụ (V = 0), na-echekwa ike eletrik n'ime ha maka otu ihe ahụ. dịka ha bụ ụgwọ mbụ. A na-eweghachite otu akwụkwọ ozi dị ugbu a na isi mmalite mita. N'ihi uru voltaji, ike echekwara na oke okpomọkụ dị elu karịa ihe enyere na mmalite nke okirikiri. N'ihi ya, a na-enweta ike site n'ịgbanwe okpomọkụ ka ọ bụrụ ọkụ eletrik.
Anyị jiri Keithley 2410 SourceMeter nyochaa voltaji na ugbu a etinyere na PST MLC. A na-agbakọ ike ya kwekọrọ site na ijikọ ngwaahịa voltaji na nke ugbu a site na mita isi iyi Keithley, \ (E = {\int }_{0}^{\tau }{I}_({\rm {meas))}\ aka ekpe(t\ aka nri){V}_{{\rm{meas}}}(t)\), ebe τ bụ oge nke oge. Na usoro ume anyị, ụkpụrụ ike dị mma pụtara ike anyị ga-enye MLC PST, na ụkpụrụ na-adịghị mma pụtara ike anyị na-ewepụta na ha ya mere ike natara. A na-ekpebi ike ike maka usoro nchịkọta nke enyere site na ikesa ike anakọtara site na oge τ nke okirikiri dum.
A na-ewepụta data niile na ederede isi ma ọ bụ na ozi ndị ọzọ. Ekwesịrị ịduzi akwụkwọ ozi na arịrịọ maka akụrụngwa gaa na isi mmalite nke data AT ma ọ bụ ED nyere na akụkọ a.
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Anyị na-ekele N. Furusawa, Y. Inoue, na K. Honda maka enyemaka ha n'ịmepụta MLC. PL, AT, YN, AA, JL, UP, VK, OB na ED Daalụ Luxembourg National Research Foundation (FNR) maka ịkwado ọrụ a site na CAMELHEAT C17/MS/11703691/Defay, MASSENA PRIDE/15/10935404/Defay- Siebentritt, THERMODIMAT C20/MS/14718071/Defay na BRIDGES2021/MS/16282302/CECOHA/Defay.
Ngalaba nyocha na teknụzụ nke akụrụngwa, Luxembourg Institute of Technology (LIST), Belvoir, Luxembourg